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文／Tedday Wayne
譯／李京倫
“The world has always been messy,” President Baracak Obama said in 2014 after a string of doom-and-gloom news events. “In part, we’re just noticing now because of social media and our capacity to see in intimate detail the hardships that people are going through.”
As a number of people similarly commented in the wake of recent videos of police violence against African-Americans, these episodes have been happening for a long time; it’s only lately that smartphones have facilitated their widespread visual documentation.
2014年，在一連串令人悲觀失望的新聞事件發生後，美國總統歐巴馬說：「這世界總是一團糟，在某種程度上，我們到現在才注意到這一點，因為社群媒體發達，而且我們能夠看到別人所經歷困境的私密細節。」
許多人針對近日美國警方暴力對待非裔族群的影片發表類似看法，但這類暴力事件已發生好長一段時間，直到近年出現智慧手機，才促使各地人們用畫面將它們記錄下來。
Social media, too, has begun to play a prominent role in broadcasting tragedy. The shooting of Philando Castile was streamed as it happened on Facebook Live, which figured in another violent video since then. The app Periscope has also live-streamed its share of grisly and objectionable content, including the rape of an Ohio teenager and a suicide in France.
The effect on audiences can be traumatic. Historically, traditional mass media has also shown graphic images and horrifying videos like terrorist attacks or the 1991 Rodney King beating while barraging audiences with related content. For some people, it may not matter through which medium they consume their news: A video is a video and an article an article, whether it’s on a TV screen, laptop or newspaper.
社群媒體也開始在傳播悲劇事件上扮演重要角色。非裔男子卡斯提爾被警察槍殺的過程在發生當下透過臉書直播，臉書直播也在其後另一部暴力影片上占重要位置。應用程式Periscope也直播恐怖且令人反感的內容，包括美國俄亥俄州一名青少年被強暴和法國一場自殺案的過程。
這可能使觀眾承受心理創傷。從歷史角度來看，傳統的大眾媒體也會播放讓人不舒服的影像與駭人影片，如恐怖攻擊或1991年非裔美國人金恩遭警方毆打的過程，並以相關內容轟炸觀眾。對某些人來說，透過哪一種媒體取得新聞並不重要，影片就是影片，文章就是文章，不論在電視螢幕、筆記型電腦或報紙上都一樣。
But there are several reasons to suspect that the emotional impact of such intimate social-media images or internet-derived news is different, and perhaps even longer-lasting in some cases, than that from old-media sources.
Contact with violence through any media can lead to what is called vicarious traumatization — and may, for some people, be more upsetting than an unmediated experience.
不過，有幾個理由讓人推測，此類私密的社群媒體影像或網路衍生出來的新聞，對觀眾情緒的衝擊與傳統媒體不同，有時候影響的時間可能也比傳統媒體更久。
透過任何媒體接觸暴力都可能導致所謂「替代性創傷」，而且對某些人而言，可能比不透過媒體經驗暴力更難過。
A 2013 study in the journal PNAS compared the acute stress symptoms of those with “direct exposure” to that year’s Boston Marathon bombing (being present at the site or in the Boston-area lockdown, or knowing someone in either of those circumstances) with those who had only media exposure. People who were exposed to six or more daily hours of bombing-related media exposure reported higher levels of acute stress than those with direct exposure.
“Unlike direct exposure to a collective trauma, which can end when the acute phase of the event is over, media exposure keeps the acute stressor active and alive in one’s mind,” the study concluded. “In so doing, repeated media exposure may contribute to the development of trauma-related disorders by prolonging or exacerbating acute trauma-related symptoms.”
2013年美國國家科學院院刊刊出一份研究報告，比較了「直接接觸」同年波士頓馬拉松爆炸案與僅透過媒體接觸者的急性壓力症狀。「直接接觸」是指身處爆炸案現場或波士頓封鎖區內，或認識某個在現場或封鎖區的人。結果顯示，每天與爆炸案相關媒體報導接觸達6小時以上者，感受的急性壓力高過直接接觸者。
研究結論如下：「直接接觸集體創傷，創傷能在事件的急性階段結束後停止，但透過媒體接觸會讓急性壓力源在心裡保持活躍生動。這麼一來，重複的媒體報導會延長或加重急性創傷相關症狀，導致創傷相關疾患。」
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現在是個媒體傳播的時代
一堆媒體都撥一些暴力事件
對民眾多少有些影響~
希望都可以播一些比較有意義或正面的資訊~哈XD
這篇寫了很多關於媒體相關的英文資訊
可以學到一些專有名詞~
讀紐時學英文新聞來源 :
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